PRICE  10  CENTS. 


V 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 
TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


The  Presidential  Address  de¬ 
livered  before  the  American 
Baptist  Missionary  Union ,  at 
Day  ton  .Ohio ,  May  21 , 1906,  by 
W.  W.  Keen,  M.  D.y  LL.  D. 


Price  ten  cents 


AMERICAN  BAPTIST  MISSIONARY 
UNION,  BOSTON,  MASSACHUSETTS 

1908 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 
TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


FATHERS  and  brethren:  Mr.  William  A. 
Munroe,  whom  you  elected  your  President 
a  year  ago  passed  to  his  reward  August  26, 
1905.  Death,  which  treads  with  equal  step  in 
cottage  and  palace,  has  robbed  us  of  a  noble  leader. 
Those  who  knew  him  best  loved  him  most.  The 
Union  will  give  fitting  expression  to  our  sorrow, 
but  I  cannot  refrain  in  these  few  words  from  la¬ 
menting  the  great  loss  which  the  Church  and  the 
cause  of  missions  have  suffered  in  his  death. 

Upon  me,  therefore,  devolves  the  duty  of  ad¬ 
dressing  you  at  the  opening  of  this,  the  ninety- 
second  session  of  the  American  Baptist  Missionary 
Union.  I  have  chosen  as  my  theme  “The  Service 
of  Missions  to  Science  and  Society.”  I  can  only 
give  a  very  brief  outline  of  a  few  of  the  most  im¬ 
portant  services,  for  the  more  they  are  investigated 
the  larger  do  they  loom  upon  our  vision. 

Even  before  the  era  of  modern  missions  the  con¬ 
nection  between  missions  and  science  was  well 
recognized,  for  Robert  Boyle,  the  philosopher  and 
founder  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1660,  laid  it  down 
as  the  especial  object  of  that  institution  to  propa- 

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THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


gate  Christianity  along  with  and  through  litera¬ 
ture  and  science.  He  was  also  the  founder  of  the 
first  Protestant  society  for  the  propagation  of  the 
gospel.  Leibnitz,  in  planning  the  Berlin  Academy, 
included  the  same  idea  in  its  scope,  and  thence  it 
extended  to  other  similar  societies  in  Halle,  Wit¬ 
tenberg,  Vienna  and  St.  Petersburg. 


AN  EVOLUTION  IN  MISSIONS 

The  idea  in  the  minds  of  our  first  modern  mis¬ 
sionaries  was,  naturally,  that  their  duty  was  solely 
to  preach  the  gospel.  This  was,  still  is,  and  ever 
must  be  their  chief  function. 

But  they  were  soon  compelled  by  circumstances 
to  broaden  their  ideas  of  duty.  Who  could  see 
dense  ignorance  all  around  him  without  yearning 
to  teach  the  people  so  that  they  might  at  least  read 
the  word  of  God  and  be  able  to  communicate  with 
each  other  in  writing?  Naturally  it  would  quickly 
be  perceived  that  the  more  plastic  mind  of  child¬ 
hood  would  profit  most  by  such  teaching.  Hence 
the  origin  of  schools,  of  the  printing-press,  and  of 
translations  of  the  Bible  and  of  other  books.  Many 
of  these  people  had  only  a  spoken  language,  and  to 
teach  reading  and  writing,  the  language  must  be 
reduced  to  writing,  thus  requiring  skilled  philolo¬ 
gists. 


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TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


The  ravages  of  disease,  as  a  result  of  ignorance, 
filth  and  superstition,  inevitably  caused  attempts  to 
teach  the  first  principles  of  sanitation  often  com¬ 
bined  with  elementary  medical  treatment,  and  hence 
the  medical  missionary,  the  hospital,  and  other 
agencies  to  ameliorate  the  physical  sufferings  and 
suppress  the  physical  vices  of  the  heathen  world. 
In  other  words,  there  has  been  an  evolution  in 
missions  as  inevitable  as  it  is  desirable. 

Moreover,  even  the  most  devoted  missionary 
must  have  some  recreation,  for  that  “all  work  and 
no  play  makes  Jack  a  dull  boy”  is  doubly  true  of 
one  banished  from  family,  home  and  country. 
What  was  more  natural  than  to  write  full  descrip¬ 
tions  of  the  geography  of  the  country,  of  the 
manners  and  customs  of  strange  peoples  and  of  the 
curious  animal  and  vegetable  forms  seen  on  all 
sides?  Thus  literary,  scientific  and  sociological 
studies  are  seen  to  be  a  normal  and  indeed  unavoid¬ 
able  outgrowth  from  missions,  especially  in  their 
later  and  fuller  development  —  what  in  commerce 
would  be  called  important  “  by-products.” 

Moreover,  the  missionaries  of  today  are  not 
simply  the  pious,  devoted  enthusiasts  of  the  past. 
All  missionary  societies,  our  own  among  them,  rec¬ 
ognize  the  fact  that  they  must  provide  men  who 
are  trained  experts  as  well  as  earnest  Christians,  if 
they  would  reap  the  largest  harvest.  Hence 

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our 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 

training  schools  to  fit  them  for  their  work.  Hence, 
too,  the  splendid  student  volunteer  movement 
which  will  add  in  the  next  four  years  annually  a 
thousand  trained  young  men  and  women  from  our 
colleges  and  universities  —  four  full  regiments  — 
to  the  ranks  of  this  devoted  army  of  the  Church 
militant,  destined  to  be  also  the  Church  triumph-  _ 
ant. 

THE  MANIFOLD  SERVICE  OF  THE  MISSIONARY 

You  will  observe  thus  that  the  entire  conception 
of  foreign  missions  has  changed  from  the  early  days 
of  Carey  and  Judson.  Then,  as  has  been  eloquently 
set  forth  by  Rev.  Dr.  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  the 
missionary  devoted  himself  to  the  individual  pagan, 
now  to  the  community  and  its  entire  welfare, 
as  well  as  to  that  of  the  individual ;  then  to  preach¬ 
ing  the  gospel  of  righteousness  alone,  now  he 
adds  to  this  the  gospel  of  cleanliness;  then 
he  was  an  expert  only  in  the  Scriptures,  now 
he  makes  all  science,  philanthropy,  literature 
and  learning,  in  a  word,  all  service  to  society  as 
well  as  to  religion,  his  efficient  aids  in  winning 
souls  to  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

“The  missionary,”  says  Dr.  Gulick,  “is  now 
seen  to  be  not  merely  saving  a  few  individuals  from 
the  general  wreck  of  the  pagan  world,  but  planting 
life  which  will  transform  that  world  and 

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a  new 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


bring  it  into  the  kingdom  of  God.  .  .  .  Christ  must 
be  made  King  in  our  organized  life  as  communities, 
and  thus  society  be  saved,  even  as  he  has  been  made 
Saviour  of  individuals.  ...  The  newer  well-bal¬ 
anced  sociological  conception  of  foreign  missions  is 
one  which,  while  it  does  not  forget  man’s  individ¬ 
ual  nature  and  value,  does  emphasize  strongly  the 
thought  that  only  as  society  is  transformed  with 
the  individual  is  the  individual  fully  saved.  For¬ 
eign  missions  in  all  their  activities  aim  at  the  double 
purpose  of  saving  both  individuals  and  society  — 
the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  of  God  through 
the  production  of  children  of  God.”1 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  MEDICAL  MISSIONS 

When  Benjamin  W.  Crowninshield  objected  to 
granting  the  charter  of  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  on  the  ground 
that  it  “would  export  religion,  whereas  there  was 
none  to  spare  among  ourselves,”  he  forgot  that 
“religion  is  a  commodity  of  which  the  more  we 
export  the  more  we  have  remaining.”2  But  he  also, 
unconsciously,  recognized  and  recorded  the  fact  that 
in  one  very  proper  sense  religion  is  a  valuable 
national  product  and  its  export  an  untold  blessing 
to  entire  nations  who  receive  it. 

*Gulick:  The  Modern  Conception  of  Foreign  Missions, 
The  Outlook,  Nov.  4, 1905,  p.  563.  Vide  infra,  note  1,  p.  40. 
aPierson:  The  Crisis  of  Missions,  p.  191. 

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THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


Naturally,  I  am  especially  interested  in  the  won¬ 
derful  development  of  medical  missions,  not  only 
because  it  is  my  chosen  profession,  but  because  so 
many  of  my  own  students  are  doing  the  Master 
such  good  service  in  Japan.  Korea,  China,  India, 
Siam,  Persia  and  Syria. 

Our  Lord  himself  was  the  first  medical  mission¬ 
ary,  for  he  “went  about  doing  good”  during  all 
his  ministry,  and  most  of  his  miracles  were  for  the 
healing  of  bodily  ailments. 

The  medical  missionary  often  finds  that  his  pro¬ 
fessional  services  open  the  door  to  his  Christian 
teaching.  Notable  instances  are  the  favors  extended 
to  missionaries  and  their  hospitals  by  Li  Hung 
Chang,  and  the  career  of  Dr.  H.  N.  Allen,  whose 
services  to  a  wounded  Korean  prince  led  to  the  in¬ 
troduction  of  modern  missions  into  Korea,  and  to 
Dr.  Allen’s  being  appointed  American  minister 
by  two  Presidents. 

Dr.  Peter  Parker,  the  first  medical  missionary 
of  the  American  Board,1  “had  great  difficulty  in 
securing  a  building,  and  when  it  was  ready  no 
patients  came  the  first  day.  On  the  second,  a 
woman  courageously  trusted  herself  in  the  hands 
of  the  foreigner.  Next  day  half  a  dozen  came,  en¬ 
couraged  by  her  success,  and  soon  the  street  was 
full.  So  anxious  were  they  to  secure  his  services 
'Ely  Volume:  Missions  and  Science,  p.  411. 

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TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


that  even  women  of  the  better  class  stayed  in  the 
street  all  night,  so  as  to  secure  an  early  admission. 
Long  lines  of  sedan-chairs  almost  choked  up  the 
narrow  lane.  Great  men  with  their  attendants 
waited  their  turn  to  see  the  foreign  doctor.  As 
many  as  a  thousand  were  waiting  at  once,  and  there 
was  danger  that  people  would  be  injured  by  the 
pressure.  Sometimes  blind  people  from  a  far-off 
village  clubbed  together  to  charter  a  boat  to  Can¬ 
ton,  and  then  waited  four  or  five  days  after  their 
arrival  till  there  was  a  vacancy  for  new  patients.” 
One  Chinese  wheeled  his  blind  old  mother  a  thou¬ 
sand  miles,  nearly  twice  as  far  as  from  here  (Day- 
ton,  Ohio),  to  Philadelphia,  in  a  wheelbarrow  to 
consult  one  of  my  own  students.1 

The  medical  development  of  missions,  it  is  inter¬ 
esting  for  us  to  note,  is  especially  British  and  Amer¬ 
ican.  In  1899  Dr.  Dennis2  states  that  (ex¬ 
clusive  of  the  physicians  of  the  Countess  of  Duf- 
ferin’s  fund,  a  philanthropic  but  not  strictly  a  mis¬ 
sionary  agency)  there  were  “338  American,  288 
British  and  27  Canadian  medical  missionaries  in 
the  various  fields,  as  compared  with  20,  the  total 
number  for  all  the  societies  of  Continental  Europe, 
and  7  for  Australasia.  .  .  .  The  admirable  services, 

Ttennis:  Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress,  ii, 
193.  (In  later  references  to  “Dennis,”  this  work  is  meant 
unless  his  other  work  is  specified). 

2Ibid.  ii.  402. 


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THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


moreover,  rendered  by  the  skilled  nurses  sent  out 
from  some  of  the  European  societies,  especially  by 
the  Kaisers werth  Deaconesses,  should  be  carefully 
noted  here  as  contributing  much  to  the  efficiency 
of  medical  and  surgical  practise  in  the  hospitals.” 

These  medical  missionaries  have  introduced  anes¬ 
thetics  which  abolish  pain,  vaccination  which  ban¬ 
ishes  smallpox,  and  the  intelligent  treatment  of 
other  epidemics  (for  example,  the  plague  and 
cholera  which  make  such  awful  havoc  in  the  teem¬ 
ing  centers  of  oriental  life),  and  antiseptic  sur¬ 
gery  which  saves  thousands  of  lives  and  untold 
suffering. 

But  the  West  as  well  as  the  East  owes  not  a 
little  to  the  medical  missionary.  Perhaps  the  one 
most  useful  drug  in  medicine  is  quinine,  and  the 
world  owes  it  to  the  Jesuit  missionaries  of  South 
America.  Before  the  chemists  extracted  its  active 
principle  it  was  originally  administered  as  the  pul¬ 
verized  bark  of  the  cinchona  tree,  and  was  popu¬ 
larly  known  as  “Jesuits’  bark”;  while  Calabar 
bean,  the  Kola  nut,  and  Strophanthus,  valuable 
modern  remedies,  we  owe  to  Dr.  Nassau,  an 
African  missionary.  Much  of  our  knowledge  of 
cataract,  lithotomy,  elephantiasis,  leprosy,  and 
many  other  tropical  diseases  comes  from  medical 
missionaries,  since  these  disorders  are  either  pecu¬ 
liar  to  the  tropics  or  are  very  prevalent  there. 

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TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


THE  GOSPEL  OF  CLEANLINESS 

That  godliness  is  profitable  for  the  life  that  now 
is  as  well  as  that  which  is  to  come  was  most  evi¬ 
dent  to  me  in  Nellore.  Dr.  Downie  did  not 
need  to  point  out  to  us  that  this  house  was  that 
of  a  Christian  convert,  and  that  of  an  unconverted 
native,  for  one  look  was  enough  to  distinguish  them. 
The  former  was  clean  and  neat,  free  from  accumu¬ 
lation  of  filth,  and  showed  every  evidence  of  thrift 
and  orderly  comfort,  while  the  latter  was  its  un¬ 
sanitary  counterpart.  That  today  the  greatest 
physical  need  of  India  and  Burma  is  decent  sani¬ 
tation  was  most  evident  when  we  smelled  the  de¬ 
cayed  fish  diet  of  the  native  Burmese,  and  in  India 
saw  hundreds  of  pilgrims  drinking  the  green  scum- 
covered  water  of  many  a  temple  tank.  We  also  saw 
hundreds  of  others  standing  in  the  river,  waist-deep, 
drinking  the  foul  water  of  the  Ganges  at  Benares, 
while  other  hundreds  at  their  elbows  were  washing 
themselves  and  their  clothing  in  the  river,  with 
decaying  bodies  of  animals  floating  on  the  tide, 
and  a  large  sewer  delivering  its  filth  into  the  same 
stream  less  than  three  hundred  feet  away.  Is  not 
the  preaching  of  cleanliness  in  such  a  community 
as  truly  missionary  work  as  preaching  the  gospel  ? 

Dr.  Dennis  again1  sums  up  the  results  in 

Centennial  Survey  of  Foreign  Missions. 

11 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


1902,  when  there  were  379  hospitals  and  783  dis¬ 
pensaries  ministering  to  6,500,000  patients  annually 
in  Asia,  Africa  and  Oceanica,  and  67  medical  and 
nurses’  training  schools,  with  631  pupils.  What 
do  not  these  figures  represent  in  lives,  in  comfort, 
in  happiness  and  hope  for  this  world  and  often  for 
the  next ! 

Under  the  influence  of  missionary  societies  and 
the  Lady  Dufferin  Association,  the  attitude  of  the 
people  of  India  toward  the  education  of  women, 
and  especially  their  medical  education,  is  rapidly 
changing.  The  Lady  Dufferin  Association  in  1898 
had  240  native  women  students,  and  the  North 
India  School  of  Medicine  for  Christian  Women, 
in  which  my  friend  and  former  student,  Dr.  Anna 
M.  Fullerton,  is  so  active,  is  doing  a  similar  work. 

CHRISTIANITY  A  PRACTICAL  FORCE 

Christian  altruism  is  a  new  idea  to  the  heathen 
world.  An  eye  for  an  eye  and  a  tooth  for  a  tooth, 
neglect  and  often  abandonment  of  the  suffer¬ 
ing  and  the  unfortunate  is  the  rule  of  conduct. 
Service  to  others  for  Christ’s  sake  and  be¬ 
cause  every  man,  being  a  child  of  the  same 
Heavenly  Father,  is  a  brother,  is  to  them  a 
startling  anomaly.  What  a  deep  and  lasting  im¬ 
pression  then  must  be  made  upon  their  minds  by  the 
533  orphanages,  foundling  asylums,  homes  for  in- 

12 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


fants,  leper  hospitals,  schools  for  the  blind,  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  opium  refuges,  homes  for  widows 
and  orphans,  and  asylums  for  the  insane  carried 
on  by  self-sacrificing  and  devoted  men  and  women 
who  give  up  their  time,  their  labor,  their  talents, 
and  often  their  health,  and  even  their  lives  in  the 
service  of  suffering  fellow  human  beings!  What¬ 
ever  the  people  may  think  of  Christianity  as  a  sys¬ 
tem  of  religion,  these  beautiful,  bountiful  and  un¬ 
selfish  ministries  for  the  sick,  the  suffering  and 
the  unfortunate  must  appeal  strongly  and  con¬ 
stantly  to  their  common  humanity.  Where  has 
heathenism  a  similar  philanthropic  roll  of  honor  ? 

Says  Giddings:1  “The  successive  world-empires 
of  Persia,  Macedonia  and  Rome  prepared  the  way 
for  the  Christian  conception  of  universal  brother¬ 
hood.  So  long  as  this  conception  was  nothing  more 
than  an  esoteric  affirmation  that  all  men  are 
brothers,  because  they  are  children  of  one  Father, 
it  made  but  little  impression  upon  the  social  mind; 
but  when  by  the  genius  of  St.  Paul  it  was  con¬ 
verted  into  an  ideal,  into  the  doctrine  that  all  men 
through  a  spiritual  renewing  may  become  brothers, 
the  new  faith  underwent  a  transformation  like  that 
which  converted  the  ethnic  into  the  civic  conception 
of  the  state,  and  Christianity  became  the  most  tre¬ 
mendous  power  in  history.  Gradually  it  has  been 
‘Principles  of  Sociology,  p.  360. 

13 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


realizing  its  ideal,  until,  today,  a  Christian  phil¬ 
anthropy  and  a  Christian  missionary  enterprise , 
rapidly  outgrowing  the  esoteric  sentimentalism  of 
their  youth,  and  devoting  themselves  to  the  diffu¬ 
sion  of  knowledge,  to  the  improvement  of  condi¬ 
tions,  and  to  the  upbuilding  of  character,  are  unit¬ 
ing  the  classes  and  races  of  men  in  a  spiritual 
humanity ,>n 

Well  may  Sir  Charles  Aitchison,  a  former  lieu- 
tenant-governor  of  the  Punjab,  say:2  “Apart  from 
the  strictly  Christian  aspect  of  the  question,  I 
should,  from  a  purely  administrative  point  of  view, 
deplore  the  drying  up  of  Christian  liberality  to  mis¬ 
sions  as  a  most  lamentable  check  to  social  and  moral 
progress  and  a  serious  injury  to  the  best  interests 
of  the  people;”  or  Sir  Charles  Warren,  governor 
of  Natal:  “For  the  preservation  of  peace  between 
the  colonists  and  the  natives  one  missionary  is  worth 
a  battalion  of  soldiers.”3 

Besides  his  strictly  evangelistic  efforts,  the  mis¬ 
sionary  will  and,  indeed,  must  inculcate  the  plain 
social  virtues,  honesty,  sobriety,  frugality,  and  in¬ 
dustry  so  lauded  by  Franklin.  They  are  as  foreign 
to  the  heathen  world  as  is  the  Christian  altruism,  of 
which  I  have  above  spoken.  But  without  them  there 

italics  my  own.  w.  w.  k. 

2Dennis,  ii.  407. 

8  Vide  infra,  note  2,  p.  40. 

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TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


can  be  little  social  progress.  One  of  the  greatest 
services  missionaries  have  rendered  has  been  in 
demonstrating  these  virtues  in  their  own  lives  and 
enforcing  them  upon  their  converts.  It  is  a  serv¬ 
ice  to  society  of  simply  untold  value.  Listen,  for 
instance,  to  the  testimony  of  Alfred  Russell  Wal¬ 
lace,  Darwin’s  great  compeer : 

“The  missionaries  have  much  to  be  proud  of  in 
this  country  [the  Celebes].  They  have  assisted 
the  government  in  changing  a  savage  into  a  civi¬ 
lized  community  in  a  wonderfully  short  space  of 
time.  Forty  years  ago  the  country  was  a  wilder¬ 
ness,  the  people  naked  savages,  garnishing  their 
rude  houses  with  human  heads.  Now  it  is  a  gar¬ 
den,  worthy  of  its  sweet  native  name  of  ‘Mina- 
hasa.’  Good  roads  and  paths  traverse  it  in  every 
direction;  some  of  the  finest  coffee  plantations  in 
the  world  surround  the  villages,  interspersed  with 
extensive  rice-fields,  more  than  sufficient  for  the 
support  of  the  population.  The  people  are  now  the 
most  industrious,  peaceable,  and  civilized  in  the 
whole  archipelago.  They  are  the  best  clothed,  the 
best  housed,  the  best  fed,  and  the  best  educated; 
and  they  have  made  some  progress  toward  a  higher 
social  state.”1 

Or  to  the  testimony  of  a  cold,  official  British 
Wallace:  The  Malay  Archipelago,  i.  397. 

15 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


Blue  Book:  “Insensibly  a  higher  standard  of  moral 
conduct  is  becoming  familiar  to  the  people.”1 

Is  not  this  an  enviable  record  of  service  to  his 
fellow  men  —  a  record  repeated  in  scores  of  sav¬ 
age  communities? 

VICES  COMMON  ON  HEATHEN  SOIL 

Moreover,  the  Christian  missionary  is  engaged 
in  a  ceaseless  endeavor  to  uplift  the  nations  from 
the  vices  which  flourish  so  vigorously  on  heathen 
soil.  Review  only  a  few  of  these  evils  and  see  what 
a  gigantic  task  confronts  him. 

Intemperance  exists  practically  in  every  part  of 
the  world,  but  its  worst  phases  are  seen  by  the 
missionary.  It  neutralizes  much  of  his  best  efforts. 

The  opium  habit  exists  in  a  large  part  of  Asia. 
Not  only  the  missionary,  but  the  strong  hand  of  the 
government  is  enlisted  in  the  warfare  against  it, 
yet  how  deadly  is  its  influence  and  how  fearful  its 
ravages  in  spite  of  both  these  forces  leagued  to¬ 
gether,  largely,  alas,  due  to  the  attitude  of  Christian 
Great  Britain! 

Gambling  in  its  many  forms  is  so  universal  and 
so  difficult  to  destroy  that  in  our  own  and  other 
civilized  lands,  its  mischiefs,  I  fear,  are  today 
upon  the  increase.  The  missionaries  doing  their 
best  to  eradicate  it  in  heathen  lands  are  not  to  be 
‘New  York  Tribune,  July  25,  1886. 

16 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


blamed  if  they  are  discouraged,  when  American 
women  clothe  themselves  from  their  winnings,  and 
pawn  their  jewels  to  pay  their  losses  at  bridge 
whist.  Are  the  Chinese  who  ruin  themselves  at 
fan-tan,  or  the  Filipino  who  bets  on  his  game-cock, 
any  worse? 

Immorality,  polygamy,  concubinage,  infanticide, 
and  divorce  are  allied  gigantic  evils  which  the  mis¬ 
sionary  has  to  contend  with  on  every  hand.  That 
the  same  evils  exist  here  is  true;  but  here  they 
exist  more  or  less  surreptitiously  and  under  protest, 
whereas  in  heathen  lands  they  are  open  and  legal. 

FAMILY  LIFE 

In  most  heathen  lands,  while  the  love  of  father 
or  mother  for  the  children,  it  may  be,  is  as  strong 
as  elsewhere,  yet  family  life ,  as  we  know  it,  scarcely 
exists  in  most  of  heathendom.  Quoting  in  part 
from  Marshall’s  Principles  of  Economics,1  Kidd2 
says:  “The  religious  movement  of  the  sixteenth 
century  deepened  the  character  of  the  people,  ‘re¬ 
acted  on  their  habits  of  life,  and  gave  a  tone  to 
their  industry.’  Family  life  was  intensified,  so 
much  so,  that  ‘the  family  relations  of  those  races 
which  have  adopted  the  reformed  religion  are  the 
richest  and  fullest  of  earthly  feeling;  there  never 

"Yol.  i.  34,  35. 

2Social  Evolution,  p.  297. 

17 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


lias  been  before  any  material  of  texture  at  once  so 
strong  and  so  fine  with  which  to  build  up  a  noble 
fabric  of  social  life.’  ” 

The  object  lesson  of  the  daily  home  life  of  a 
Christian  family  in  its  tender  care,  especially  for 
the  feeble  and  the  suffering,  its  pervading  courtesy 
and  love,  its  purity  and  moral  example,  can  never 
be  lost  upon  a  heathen  people  often  practically 
destitute  of  such  ideals. 

No  better  testimony  could  be  given  than  that 
of  the  Japan  Gazette /  which  said,  as  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Hepburn  were  leaving  Japan,  and  with  an 
imperial  decoration,  after  thirty-three  years  of  resi¬ 
dence  there:  “We  may  rest  quite  assured  that  it 
was  the  daily  life  of  Dr.  Hepburn  and  his  fel¬ 
low  workers  in  the  early  days  which  moved  Japan 
first  to  tolerate  and  then  to  welcome  missionaries  to 
these  shores,  and  it  is  to  the  missionaries  that  Japan 
owes  the  greater  part  of  her  present  advancement. 
The  missionary  has  been  Japan’s  instructor,  an  in¬ 
fluence  wholly  for  enlightenment  and  good.  And 
the  Japan  Mail2  said: 

“No  single  person  has  done  so  much  to  bring 
foreigners  and  Japanese  into  close  intercourse.  His 
dictionary  was  the  first  book  that  gave  access  to 
the  language  of  the  country  and  remains  to  this 

1October  19,  1902. 

’October  18,  1902. 

18 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


day  the  best  available  interpreter  of  that  language; 
but  even  more  than  his  dictionary  has  helped  to 
facilitate  mutual  acquaintance  has  his  life  assisted 
to  break  down  the  old  barriers  of  racial  prejudice 
and  distrust.” 

THE  DEGRADATION  OF  WOMEN 
The  position  of  women  in  the  East  and  in  Africa 
has  always  excited  the  sympathy  and  philanthropic 
labors  of  the  missionary.  Practically  she  is  largely 
an  article  of  barter  and  sale,  often  a  slave,  and 
never  the  one  companion  of  her  husband,  the  one 
mother  of  his  children,  his  comforter  and  coun¬ 
sellor,  his  good  angel.  That  she  is  entitled  to  equal 
property  rights,  to  loyal  affection,  to  an  education, 
and,  if  necessary,  that  this  education  should  give 
her  an  honorable  support,  has  never  been  dreamed 
of.  Yet  exactly  this  position  in  the  social  fabric 
is  what  Christian  missions  claim  for  her  and  in 
many  ways  are  securing  for  her.  “If  the  mission¬ 
aries  had  done  nothing  else  for  China,”  says  Colonel 
Denby,  for  thirteen  years  American  minister  there, 
“the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the  women 
would  be  glory  enough.”1 

The  needle  of  a  missionary’s  wife  opened  the 
zenanas  of  India  to  Christian  missions.2 

We  all  know  something  of  the  dreadful  cruelties 

T)enby:  China  and  Her  People,  p.  228. 

2Pierson’s  Crisis  in  Missions,  pp.  170-1  and  183. 

19 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


of  child  marriage.  The  medical  women  of  India 
know  these  far  better  than  any  others,  and  even 
for  very  shame’s  sake,  they  cannot  depict  them  in 
plain  speech.  We  know,  too,  something  of  the 
former  cruelties  of  Indian  suttee  and  the  existing 
dismal  state  of  Hindu  widows,  many  of  them  mere 
children;  but  we  do  not  appreciate  how  dreadful 
are  these  daily  tortures,  nor  that,  according  to 
Dubois,1  there  are  not  less  than  25,000,000  of  these 
poor  unfortunates  —  a  number  nearly  equal  to  one- 
third  of  the  entire  population  of  the  United  States ! 
Here  are  gigantic  evils  in  society  which  the  mission¬ 
ary  is  doing  his  best  to  abolish;  and,  thank  God, 
he  is  making  increasing  headway. 

SLAVERY  AND  THE  SLAVE  TRADE 

In  Africa,  slavery  and  the  slave  trade  are  partly 
things  of  the  past,  due  largely  to  the  exertions  and 
influence  of  Livingstone  and  other  missionaries. 
What  crimes  that  cried  to  heaven  for  vengeance 
were  committed  while  they  lasted,  it  is  impossible 
to  describe.  Society  owes  a  large  debt  of  grati¬ 
tude  to  the  strong  men  and  women  who  by  their 
protests  and  appeals  finally  achieved  these  results. 
John  Howard,  William  Wilberforce  and  Elizabeth 
Fry  are  names  hallowed  in  the  annals  of  English 
philanthropy,  and  justly  so.  Their  counterparts, 

*Hindu  Manners,  Customs,  and  Ceremonies,  ii,  356. 

20 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


found  in  many  an  African  mission  station,  have 
received  their  reward  in  blessings  from  liberated 
slaves  and  from  their  Heavenly  Father. 

But  this  work  is  not  yet  finished.  The  “open 
sore  of  the  world”  still  exists  on  the  Congo.  Op¬ 
pression,  cruelty,  murder,  and  nameless  outrages 
are  still  perpetrated  there  upon  the  poor  blacks 
who  have  no  powerful  friends  at  court,  no  Hebrew 
rabbis,  no  American  ambassadors  like  Straus,  and 
no  English  premiers  like  Gladstone,  as  Russian 
Jews,  Armenians  and  Bulgarians  have  had.  Who 
has  stirred  the  blood  of  Christendom  to  protest 
against  these  outrages?  Brave  missionaries,  who, 
having  witnessed  them,  cry  aloud  without  ceasing. 
Were  they  to  hold  their  peace,  the  very  stones  would 
utter  a  protest.  Misrepresentation,  abuse,  and  cal¬ 
lous  indifference  in  many  high  quarters  have  stood 
in  their  way,  but  so  sure  as  there  is  a  just  God  in 
heaven,  so  surely  will  their  cry  at  last  be  heard, 
and  Leopold  of  Belgium  will  cease  to  hoard  up 
gold,  every  piece  of  which  is  besmeared  with  the 

life-blood  of  some  poor  African.1 

*Even  as  this  address  was  read  came  the  news  of  a  law 
recently  enacted  on  the  Congo,  by  which  any  person  (and 
whom  could  this  mean  but  the  missionaries?)  convicted  of 
slandering  an  official  (how  easy  such  a  conviction  by  in¬ 
terested  j  udges ! )  could  be  condemned  to  five  years  in  an 
African  jail  under  the  Equator  —  a  sentence  equivalent 
to  death  to  a  European.  Under  its  provisions  one  mis¬ 
sionary  had  already  been  arrested,  a  thousand  miles 
from  those  who  could  serve  as  witnesses  in  his  behalf! 

21 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


Cruel  and  barbarous  punishments,  human  sac¬ 
rifices  and  cannibalism  have  been  largely,  and,  in 
many  places  completely,  abandoned  as  a  result  of 
missionary  efforts,  and  Christian  peace  and  civiliza¬ 
tion  have  replaced  them.  Witness  Fiji,  Samoa, 
Hawaii,  Africa,  and  many  another  mission  field. 

Charles  Darwin,1  certainly  an  impartial  observer, 
says:  “The  success  of  the  Terra  del  Fuego  Mis¬ 
sion  is  most  wonderful,  and  shames  me,  as  I  always 
prophesied  utter  failure.  It  is  a  grand  success.” 
Again  in  his  Voyage  of  the  Beagle,  he  says:2 
“The  lesson  of  the  missionary  is  the  enchanter’s 
wand;”3  a  sentiment  which  finds  an  echo  from 
Max  Miiller,  “I  know  of  no  nobler  life  than  that 
of  a  true  missionary,”4  and  from  the  king  of 
Siam,  who  declared,  “American  missionaries  have 
done  more  to  advance  the  welfare  of  my  country 
and  people  than  any  other  foreign  influence.” 

EDUCATION :  THE  RESULT  OF  EVANGELIZATION 

I  have  already  pointed  out  how  inevitable  it  was 
that  education,  especially  of  the  young,  would  soon 

’Life  and  Letters,  ii.  307. 

2P.  4 52. 

*See  also  Voyage  of  the  Beagle,  American  Edition,  pp. 
437,  439,  441,  448,  4 52,  454-8,  for  further  testimonies. 

4Chips  from  a  German  Workshop,  iv.  316. 

22 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


be  engrafted  upon  the  early  evangelistic  efforts  of 
the  missionaries. 

Ignorance  is  the  handmaid  of  superstition  and 
vice.  What  Tuskegee  and  Hampton  and  Shaw 
University  are  doing  for  the  black  race  in  our  coun¬ 
try  must  be  done  still  more  in  heathen  lands  if  the 
people  are  to  be  elevated  and  civilized.  Not  only 
must  the  masses  be  taught  to  read  and  write  in 
order  that  the  truths  of  the  Bible  and  their  litera¬ 
ture  may  be  available,  but  educated  native  teachers 
and  preachers  also  must  be  provided  for  them.  It  is 
impossible  to  send  American  and  other  missionaries 
in  sufficient  numbers  to  do  all  the  great  work 
needed  among  the  many  millions  of  Asia,  Africa 
and  Oceanica.  Native  teachers  in  large  numbers 
must  be  educated.  They,  more  than  foreigners,  can 
get  close  to  the  people  and  thoroughly  understand 
them. 

Twenty  years  ago  Pierson1  stated  that  in  sixty 
years,  from  a  totally  illiterate  nation  300,000  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Madagascar  had  learned  to 
read. 

Especially  is  this  educational  progress  necessary 
at  present,  when  the  whole  East  is  entering  upon 
a  new  life.  China  is  a  giant  awakening  from  a 
long  sleep.  Within  a  year  her  escape  from  the 

educational  thraldom  of  thirteen  centuries  has  been 
Crisis  in  Missions,  p.  263. 

23 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


announced  by  the  abolition  of  the  old  examina¬ 
tions  of  her  literati  and  the  institution  of  examina¬ 
tions  in  Western  learning  in  its  place.  Shall 
Christendom  allow  such  an  opportunity  to  escape  ? 
The  soil  has  been  upturned;  shall  we  neglect  to 
sow  the  seed?  Never  again  will  such  a  door  be 
opened  to  us,  and  God  will  surely  hold  us  account¬ 
able  if  we  neglect  this  golden  opportunity. 

J apan  is  advancing  by  leaps  and  bounds,  and  if, 
as  is  within  an  easy  probability,  she  abandons  her 
native  tongue  and  adopts  English  as  her  national 
language.  Great  Britain  and  America  will  incur  a 
new  and  almost  staggering  responsibility. 

The  present  movement  in  our  own  Church  for 
a  great  advance  along  higher  educational  lines  is 
eminently  justified  by  the  needs  of  the  millions  of 
the  East  and  of  Africa,  by  the  intellectual  awaken¬ 
ing  just  noted,  by  the  signal  success  of  past  efforts, 
and  by  the  fine  example  of  other  churches  in  dis¬ 
charging  this  urgent  duty. 

At  Rangoon  I  saw  the  splendid  work  of  the  late 
Dr.  Cushing,  and  his  colleagues,  where  now 
there  are  800  students  eager  to  learn  and  later  to 
teach.  At  Beirut  I  have  seen  the  Syrian  Protestant 
College  doing  a  superb  work  in  education.  In  medi¬ 
cine  alone  they  will  supply  educated  physicians  for 
all  the  Arabic-  and  Turkish-speaking  countries  to 
replace  the  present  barbarous  medicine  from  which 

24 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


the  people  suffer  so  sadly.  I  have  seen  Robert  Col¬ 
lege  at  Constantinople,  from  whose  halls  have  is¬ 
sued  the  makers  of  modern  Bulgaria.  We  need 
not  three  such  colleges,  but  three  hundred,  if  we 
would  do  the  work  of  the  Lord  as  it  ought  to  be 
done.  Oh,  that  our  consecrated  wealth  could  be 
poured  into  the  coffers  of  God  till  they  should  be 
filled  to  overflowing ! 

It  is  significant  that  the  emperor  of  Korea  has 
suggested  as  a  name  for  a  Methodist  institution  of 
higher  learning  in  that  benighted  land,  Pai  Chai 
Hah  Fong, — “Hall  for  Rearing  Useful  Men,” 
— a  name  after  “Poor  Richard’s”  own  heart. 

Moreover,  as  in  our  own  land,  industrial  train¬ 
ing  is  often  as  useful  as  the  more  intellectual.  This 
is  given  in  many  places.1  Alexander  M.  Mackay 
is  known  on  the  Victoria  Nyanza  as  the  “indus¬ 
trial  missionary,”  who  has  won  his  way  by  his  car¬ 
pentering  quite  as  much  as  by  his  teaching.  Every 
time  you  see  a  soldier  clad  in  khaki,  it  should  re¬ 
mind  you  that  this  fast-brown  dye  was  discovered 
by  Haller  of  the  Basel  African  Mission,  who,  by 
his  industrial  education,  as  Dennis  finely  expresses 
it,  has  changed  a  “pagan  liability”  into  a  “Chris¬ 
tian  asset.” 

In  Dennis'  Centennial  Survey  of  Foreign  Mis- 

*See  Noble’s  Redemption  of  Africa,  ii.  562,  and  Den¬ 
nis,  ii.  152. 


25 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


sions  there  are  catalogued  94?  missionary  univer¬ 
sities  and  colleges  with  36,000  students,  179 
industrial  training  schools  with  over  9^000  students, 
879  high  schools  and  seminaries  with  85,000  pupils 
and  nearly  19,000  day  schools  with  almost  a  mil¬ 
lion  students!  Surely  James  Bryce  is  right  when 
he  says,  “The  gospel  and  the  mission  schools  are  at 
present  the  most  truly  civilizing  influences  which 
work  upon  the  natives,  and  upon  these  influ¬ 
ences,  more  than  on  any  other  agency,  does  the 
progress  of  the  colored  race  depend.”1 

PHILOLOGY  LINKED  WITH  EDUCATION 

Inextricably  interwoven  with  education  is  the 
science  of  language.  Existing  languages  in  highly 
developed  form  like  Chinese,  Japanese,  Hindu¬ 
stani  and  Arabic  had  to  be  learned  by  the  mission¬ 
aries.  That  this  is  no  light  task  we  all  can  well 
believe.  Indeed  we  can  almost  agree  with  Milne 
when  he  epigrammatically  describes  learning  Chi¬ 
nese  as  “work  for  men  with  bodies  of  brass,  lungs 
of  steel,  heads  of  oak,  hands  of  spring  steel,  eyes 
of  eagles,  hearts  of  apostles,  memories  of  angels, 
and  lives  of  Methuselah.”2 

But  bad  as  is  this  situation,  many  missionaries 
are  confronted  with  a  far  worse  one;  that  is,  with 

Tmpressions  of  South  Africa,  p.  393 
2Dennis,  iii.  p.  413. 

26 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


languages  which  are  only  spoken  and  have  no  writ¬ 
ten  alphabet  whatever.  Imagine  yourself  set  down 
in  France,  Germany,  or  Italy  without  any  written 
language  and  obliged  to  devise  a  written  alphabet 
to  represent  these  spoken  languages ;  or  still  worse, 
that  you  lived  among  African  tribes  with  sounds 
and  gurgles  utterly  foreign  to  your  ear  and  tongue 
—  how  think  you  would  you  succeed  in  giving  them 
not  only  a  written  language,  but  a  literature?  Is 
it  any  wonder  that  it  took  Judson  twenty-seven 
years  to  translate  the  Bible  into  Burmese? 

Listen  to  the  predicament  of  Mr.  Richards  of 
Mozambique,  who  writes:1  “These  people  had 
never  heard  of  ink  till  we  brought  it  to  them. 
There  was  no  history,  no  book,  no  dictionary,  no 
alphabet,  not  a  single  idea  as  to  how  thought  and 
words  could  be  transferred  to  paper  and  from 
paper  into  the  comprehension  of  one  who  had 
never  heard  the  words  before  they  were  trans¬ 
ferred  to  paper.  They  could  not  tell  what  paper 
was,  but  called  it  a  ‘leaf.’  ”2 

Yet  in  the  face  of  these  difficulties,  apparently 
almost  insurmountable,  of  the  600  spoken  languages 

TIennis,  iii.  419. 

2 Any  one  wishing  to  realize  the  prodigious  difficulty  of 
reducing  spoken  to  written  speech  should  read  the  amus¬ 
ing  as  well  as  instructive  account  given  by  Rev.  Henry 
Richards  in  Pentecost  on  the  Congo,  page  6,  published  by 
the  American  Baptist  Missionary  Union,  Boston,  Mass. 

27 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


and  dialects  of  Africa,  200  have  been  reduced  to 
writing.  Many  of  them  were  on  the  point  of  ex¬ 
tinction  and  have  since  become  extinct.  They 
would  have  been  utterly  lost  to  philology  had  it 
not  been  for  the  missionaries.  Perhaps  half  as 
many  more  languages  in  other  parts  of  the  world, 
that  is,  300  languages  in  all,  have  been  reduced  to 
writing  and  preserved.  “No  other  motive  is  con¬ 
ceivable,”  says  Dr.  Cust,  the  celebrated  phi¬ 
lologist,1  “to  induce  men  of  scholarship  and  indus¬ 
try  to  run  the  risk  of  disease  and  death  for  the 
purpose  of  reducing  to  writing  the  form  of  speech 
of  downright  savages,  except  for  the  one  purpose 
of  religious  instruction  ”2  Is  it  any  wonder, 
then,  that  he  says,  “The  missionary  appears  to  me 
to  be  the  highest  type  of  human  excellence  in  the 
nineteenth  century,  and  his  profession  to  be  the 
noblest?”3 

The  debt  of  philologists  to  missionary  labors  has 
been  repeatedly  acknowledged  by  many  of  the  lead¬ 
ing  linguists  of  all  lands.  The  late  Professor 
Whitney  of  Yale,  the  distinguished  Orientalist, 
says:  “I  have  a  strong  realization  of  the  value  of 
missionary  labors  to  science.  The  American  Ori¬ 
ental  Society  has  been  much  dependent  on  them  for 

Ttennis,  iii.  422. 

3Italics  my  own.  w.  w.  k. 

•Pierson:  Crisis  in  Missions,  p.  254. 

28 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


its  usefulness.  There  would  hardly  he  occasion  for 
the  society,  at  all,  but  for  them.”1 

Few  missionary  languages,  even  those  most  de¬ 
veloped,  had  even  a  dictionary.  We  owe  to  mis¬ 
sionary  philologists  nearly  150  dictionaries,  includ¬ 
ing  the  earliest  ones  of  Ulfilas  for  the  Goths,  Cyril 
for  the  Slavs,  our  own  Eliot’s  for  the  American  In¬ 
dians,  Hepburn’s  for  the  Japanese,  Morrison’s  and 
S.  Wells  Williams’  for  the  Chinese,  Jaschke’s  and 
Heyde’s  for  the  Tibetans,  Judson’s  and  Stevens’  for 
the  Burmese,  Brown’s  for  the  Telugus,  etc.  The 
oldest  inscription  in  Phoenician  characters  and  one 
of  the  most  important  philological  discoveries  of 
modern  times  (second  only  perhaps  to  that  of  the 
Rosetta  stone  and  the  celebrated  Nestorian  tablet2 
discovered  by  Bridgman,  in  China),  was  the  finding 
of  the  Moabite  stone  by  Rev.  F.  A.  Klein,  the  mis¬ 
sionary,  in  1868.  The  letters  of  Rev.  W.  K.  Eddy 
to  the  London  Times  first  called  attention  to  the 
superb  sarcophagi  at  Sidon,  now  among  the  price¬ 
less  treasures  of  the  museum  in  Constantinople.3 

Up  to  1901,  the  Bible  itself  had  been  translated 
into  475  languages,  of  which  432  translations  were 
made  in  the  nineteenth  century,  an  unparalleled 
series  of  philological  achievements.  Well  may  we 

biggins:  The  Great  Value  and  Success  of  Foreign 
Missions,  pp.  223-4.  Italics  my  own.  w.  w.  k. 

2Ely  Volume,  p.  172. 

8Dennis,  iii.  429. 

29 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


call  it,  after  St.  Chrysostom,  “The”  Book.  No 
other  can  compare  with  it  in  number  of  copies,  in 
universality  of  circulation  or  in  the  worth  of  its 
contents. 


GEOGRAPHY 

«r 

That  geography  owes  a  large  debt  to  missionaries 
no  American  can  doubt  when  he  remembers  the 
early  Jesuit  missionaries  whose  names  are  so  famil¬ 
iar  to  us:  Pere  Marquette,  Hennepin,  La  Salle, 
Le  Jeune  and  others.  The  great  Northwest  and 
its  lakes  and  the  Mississippi  are  redolent  with  their 
memories.  The  thrilling  story  of  how  Oregon  and 
the  whole  northwest  Pacific  coast  was  saved  to  the 
United  States  by  the  heroic  midwinter  ride  of  Rev. 
Marcus  Whitman,  and  his  interviews  with  Daniel 
Webster,  then  secretary  of  state,  and  with  Presi¬ 
dent  Tyler,  is  well  told  in  the  Missionary  Herald 1 
and  the  Ely  Volume.2 

When  starting  on  one  of  his  journeys,  Living¬ 
stone  wrote:  “Cannot  the  love  of  Christ  carry  the 
missionary  where  the  slave-trade  carries  the  trader  ? 
.  .  .  I  shall  open  up  a  path  to  the  interior  or  perish. 
I  have  never  had  the  shadow  of  a  shade  of  doubt 
as  to  the  propriety  of  my  course.”  And,  at  a  later 
period,  when  almost  dying  for  want  of  food,  “Took 

11869,  pp.  76-80. 

2Pp.  13-15. 

30 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


my  belt  up  three  holes  to  relieve  hunger”  is  the 
pathetic  note  in  his  journal. 

Africa  in  the  nineteenth  century  is  the  counter¬ 
part  of  America  in  the  sixteenth,  and  Livingstone 
has  been  well  called  the  “Columbus  of  Africa.” 
Numberless  have  been  both  the  travelers  and  the 
missionaries  who  have  explored  its  interior,  which, 
when  I  studied  geography,  was  labeled  “terra  in¬ 
cognita/*  and  the  maps  showed  the  “Mountains  of 
the  Moon.”  Now  these  mountains  are  known  to 
be  myths,  but  the  sources  of  the  Nile  have  been  at 
last  discovered,  and  the  whole  continent  mapped 
largely  by  missionaries.  Livingstone  alone  trav¬ 
eled  29,000  miles  in  its  interior  and  added  one 
million  square  miles,  or  one-twelfth  of  its  area,  to 
the  known  regions  of  the  globe.  Even  Speke,  who 
discovered  the  great  lakes,  Tanganyika  and  Vic¬ 
toria,  said:  “The  missionaries  were  the  prime  and 
first  promoters  of  that  expedition.  The  Victoria 
Falls  on  the  Zambesi,  the  greatest  in  the  world,  far 
exceeding  our  own  Niagara,  were  first  seen  by 
Livingstone  of  all  civilized  men,  and  Mounts  Kili¬ 
manjaro  and  Kenia,  worthy  rivals  of  Mount  Blanc, 
were  first  discovered  by  Krapf  and  Rebman. 

Moreover,  wherever  missionary  geographers 
went,  they  naturally  described  the  people  and  the 
flora  and  fauna  of  the  land,  thus  making  important 
contributions  to  natural  history,  to  comparative 


31 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


anatomy,  to  the  industrial  resources  of  the  world, 
and,  in  one  way  or  another,  to  nearly  every  science. 
Thus,  to  name  only  a  few  notable  examples,  we 
owe  to  missionaries  the  introduction  in  the  West  of 
sorghum,  of  African  rubber,  and  of  the  silkworm,1 
at  present  of  such  enormous  commercial  value. 
The  jinrikisha  was  devised  by  Jonathan  Goble,  and 
the  strange  discovery  of  that  before  practically  un¬ 
known  animal,  the  gorilla,  was  due  to  a  missionary. 

In  1847  the  great  comparative  anatomist,  Rich¬ 
ard  Owen,  for  the  first  time  gave  a  scientific  de¬ 
scription  of  the  gorilla.  It  was  based  upon  a  skull 
sent  from  Africa  by  Dr.  Savage,  a  mission¬ 
ary,  and  Professor  Owen  named  it  after  him 
(Troglodytes,  or  Gorilla,  Savagei).  A  year  earlier 
Dr.  Leighton  Wilson,  another  missionary,2  had 
sent  a  skull  to  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History,  and  still  later  the  complete  skeleton  of  a 
gorilla,  now  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  was  obtained  from  Dr.  Nassau. 

Robinson  and  Smith’s  Researches  in  Palestine, 
Mt.  Sinai,  and  Arabai  Petraea,  and  Thomson’s 
The  Land  and  the  Book  are  well  known  to 
every  one.  They  completely  revolutionized  the 
former  ideas  of  the  geography  of  Palestine;  and 

*Ely  Volume,  p.  143. 

*Whitney :  Oriental  and  Linguistic  Studies,  second 
series,  p.  101. 


32 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


the  more  modern  Palestine  explorations  both  by 
the  British  and  the  American  societies  owe  a  large 
debt  to  missionary  labors. 

The  Princeton  Review 1  says:  “Our  missionaries 
have  rendered  more  real  service  to  geography  than 
all  the  geographical  societies  of  the  world.” 

Mr.  G.  M.  Powell,  of  the  Oriental  Topographi¬ 
cal  Corps,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  American  In¬ 
stitute,  says:2  “Probably  no  source  of  knowledge 
in  this  department  has  been  so  vast,  varied,  and  pro¬ 
lific  as  the  investigations  and  contributions  of  mis¬ 
sionaries.  They  have  patiently  collected  and  truth¬ 
fully  transmitted  much  exact  and  valuable  geo¬ 
graphical  knowledge,  and  all  without  money  and 
without  price,  though  it  would  have  cost  millions 
to  secure  it  in  any  other  way.”3 

DIPLOMACY 

The  intimate  acquaintance  of  the  missionary  with 
the  habits,  modes  of  thought  of  the  people,  and 
their  languages  has  made  them  very  frequently 
of  great  value,  especially  to  British  and  American 
diplomatists,  as  is  frequently  noted  by  Hon.  John 
W.  Foster,  lately  American  secretary  of  state,  in 
his  American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient: 

xVol.  xxxviii.  p.  622. 
a Missionary  Herald,  1875,  p.  120. 

3Ely  Volume,  pp.  3-5. 

33 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


"The  well-known  English  missionary  and  Chi¬ 
nese  interpreter.  Dr.  Robert  Morrison,  was  the 
chief  interpreter  of  the  Amherst  Embassy  in  1816, 
and  he  acted  as  the  official  interpreter  and  trusted 
adviser  of  the  British  Government  and  the  East 
India  Company  at  Canton  for  twenty-five  years. 
During  the  Opium  War,  and  in  the  peace  negotia¬ 
tions,  Dr.  Gutzlaff,  the  German  missionary  and 
historian,  was  in  the  employ  of  the  British  Gov¬ 
ernment,  as  interpreter  and  adviser,  and  was  most 
useful  in  the  negotiations.  He  was  also  of  service 
to  the  government  of  the  United  States  in  a  similar 
capacity.  .  .  .  When  Mr.  Roberts  was  sent  by  the 
American  Government  to  negotiate  treaties  with 
Siam  and  other  oriental  countries,  he  first  went  to 
Canton  and  there  engaged  the  services  as  interpre¬ 
ter  of  Mr.  J.  R.  Morrison,  the  son  of  Dr.  Mor¬ 
rison.  .  .  . 

"These  instances  are  cited  to  show  what  an  im¬ 
portant  part  the  missionaries  have  borne  in  the  in¬ 
ternational  relations  of  the  Pacific.  The  instances 
might  be  multiplied,  and  a  detailed  examination  of 
these  relations  will  disclose  that  up  to  the  middle  of 
the  last  century  the  Christian  missionaries  were  an 
absolute  necessity  to  diplomatic  intercourse."1  .  .  . 

1  American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient,  by  John  W. 
Foster,  pp.  110,  111. 


34 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


‘‘Minister  Denby,  who,  from  his  long  official 
residence  in  China,  was  the  most  competent  judge, 
in  a  despatch  to  the  Department  of  State,  said  of 
the  missionaries,  ‘that  their  influence  is  beneficial 
to  the  natives ;  that  the  arts  and  sciences  and  civil¬ 
ization  are  greatly  spread  by  their  efforts;  that 
many  useful  Western  books  are  translated  by  them 
into  Chinese;  and  that  they  are  the  leaders  in  all 
charitable  work.  ...  In  the  interest,  therefore,  of 
civilization,  missionaries  ought  not  only  to  be  tol¬ 
erated,  but  ought  to  receive  protection ;’ ,J1  and 
again,  “Believe  nobody  when  he  sneers  at  mission¬ 
aries.  The  man  is  simply  not  posted  on  the  work.”“ 
Dr.  Peter  Parker  and  Rev.  E.  C.  Bridgman, 
missionaries  in  China,  were  made  the  Chinese  sec¬ 
retaries  of  Caleb  Cushing’s  Embassy  in  1844.  Dr. 
Parker  twice  served  as  charge  d'affaires  in  China. 
He  was  made  full  commissioner  to  negotiate  with 
the  Chinese  Government  in  1856. 

Rev.  Dr.  S.  Wells  Williams  accompanied  Com¬ 
modore  Perry  in  1853  in  his  first  visit  to  Japan  as 
his  chief  interpreter.  Hon.  William  B.  Reed,  our 
minister  to  China,  later  made  him  secretary  of  lega¬ 
tion  upon  the  promotion  of  Dr.  Peter  Parker.  Dr. 
W.  A.  P.  Martin,  a  Presbyterian  missionary,  also 
was  one  of  Mr.  Reed’s  most  zealous  assistants. 
Dr.  Williams’  Middle  Kingdom  and  his  Chinese 
'Foster,  loc.  cit.  p.  412.  2Liggins,  p.  27. 

35 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


Dictionary  are  enduring  monuments  of  his  linguistic 
attainments.  For  over  twenty  years  he  acted  as 
secretary  and  often  as  charge  d'affaires  of  the 
American  legation  in  China. 

Hon.  William  B.  Reed,  our  minister  to  China, 
with  whom  Dr.  Williams  had  served,  says  of 
him:  “He  is  the  most  learned  man  in  his  varied 
information  I  have  ever  met.  .  .  .  He  is  the  most 
habitually  religious  man  I  have  ever  seen/’1 

To  this  Minister  Reed  elsewhere  adds:  “I  went 
to  the  East  with  no  enthusiasm  as  to  missionary 
enterprise.  I  came  back  with  the  fixed  conviction 
that  missionaries  are  the  great  agents  of  civiliza¬ 
tion.  I  could  not  have  advanced  one  step  in  the 
discharge  of  my  duties,  could  not  have  read  or 
written  or  understood  one  word  of  correspondence 
on  treaty  stipulations,  but  for  the  missionaries.”2 

The  diplomatic  services  of  Dr.  Judson  are 
too  well  known  to  be  described,  and  the  present 
British  ambassador  to  the  United  States,  Sir  Mor¬ 
timer  Durand,  has  lately  given  him  full  credit. 

But  time  fails  me  even  to  sketch  in  barest  out¬ 
line  the  manifold  services  of  missionaries  to  geol¬ 
ogy,  meteorology,  anthropology,  ethnography,  folk¬ 
lore,  numismatics,  music,  history,  and  many  philan¬ 
thropic  agencies  for  the  betterment  of  mankind. 
For  these  I  must  refer  you  to  the  copious  litera- 
Toster,  pp.  273-4.  aThe  Envelope  Series,  April,  1905,  p.  31. 

36 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


ture  of  missions,  and  especially  to  the  Ely  Volume 
on  Missions  and  Science,  edited  by  Rev.  Thomas 
Laurie,  D.D. ;  The  Great  Value  and  Success  of 
Foreign  Missions,  by  Rev.  John  Liggins;  Are  For¬ 
eign  Missions  Doing  any  Good?  (London,  1894); 
and  to  Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress,  by 
Rev.  Dr.  James  S.  Dennis,  and  the  same  author’s 
Centennial  Survey  of  Foreign  Missions. 

To  give  a  general  idea,  however,  of  the  wide 
scope  of  the  missionary  contributions  to  science,  I 
asked  my  friend.  Rev.  Frank  S.  Dobbins,1  to  go 
over  the  Royal  Society’s  catalogue  of  scientific 
papers,  Silliman’s  Journal,  and  other  scientific  peri¬ 
odicals,  the  Journal  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society  and  the  various  Asiatic  soci¬ 
eties,  in  order  to  discover  with  some  approach  to 
completeness  to  what  an  extent  the  missionaries  had 
distinctly  contributed  to  scientific  literature  as  such. 

To  these  statistics  are  to  be  added  a  considerable 
number  of  papers  unavoidably  overlooked  in  such  a 
rapid  search,  and  the  numerous  papers  of  a  scientific 
character  in  the  Missionary  Herald ,  which  Carl 
Ritter,  “the  prince  of  geographers,”  says,  “is  the 

throughout  the  preparation  of  this  paper  I  have  had 
the  hearty  and  most  intelligent  assistance  of  Mr.  Dobbins. 
I  also  wish  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  cooperation  of 
Miss  M.  E.  Emerson,  the  reference  librarian  of  the  Provi¬ 
dence  Public  Library,  and  of  Mr.  Herbert  Putnam,  the 
accomplished  librarian  of  the  Library  of  Congress. 

37 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


repository  to  which  the  reader  must  look  to  find  the 
most  valuable  documents  that  have  ever  been  sent 
over  by  any  society,  and  where  a  rich  store  of  scien¬ 
tific,  historical,  and  antiquarian  details  may  be 
seen.  A 

Mr.  Dobbins  has  found  520  scientific  papers,  of 
which 

108  concern  geography, 

89  geology, 

56  botany, 

48  philology, 

44  sociology, 

18  numismatology, 

18  comparative  religion, 

19  archaeology, 

10  meteorology, 

and  the  remaining  110  have  to  deal  with  almost 
every  other  branch  of  science. 

Of  ISO  separate  articles  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  Asiatic  Society  Journal  (North  China  branch), 
52  are  by  Protestant  missionaries,  and  out  of  the 
2,936  pages  in  the  first  six  volumes  of  the  J ournal 
of  the  American  Oriental  Society,  1,215,  almost 
one  half,  are  by  missionaries. 

Moreover,  when  the  Council  of  the  Asiatic  Soci¬ 
ety  (North  China  branch)  seeks  for  scientific  in- 
formation  by  circular  letters  of  inquiry  on  such 

‘Ely  Volume,  p.  3. 

38 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


subjects  as  “Inland  Communications  in  China/’ 
“Coins,  Measures,  and  Weights,”  “Tenure  of 
Land,”  “Infanticide,”  etc.,  they  always  send 
letters  to  the  missionaries,  and  the  replies  from  mis¬ 
sionaries  frequently  outweigh  both  in  number  and 
importance  those  received  from  others. 

The  extent  to  which  the  labors  of  the  mission¬ 
aries,  both  evangelistic,  scientific,  and  sociological 
have  been  recognized  by  officials,  scientists  and 
travelers,  as  I  have  investigated  the  subject,  has 
been  a  matter  of  gratification  and  surprise.  I  can¬ 
not  possibly  take  the  time  to  quote  more  than  a 
very  few  of  the  most  important.  Even  of  their 
names,  I  can  mention  but  a  few,  but  these  few  are 
of  weight  since  they  represent  a  non-missionary 
constituency  who  as  a  rule  at  least  would  not  be 
prejudiced  in  favor  of  missions,  including  as  it 
does,  (see  Bibliography,  p.  41): 

Scientists ,  like  Charles  Darwin  (1),  Afred  Rus¬ 
sell  Wallace  (2),  Benjamin  Silliman  (3),  Louis 
Agassiz  (4),  Lewis  H.  Morgan  (5),  Prof.  J.  D. 
Dana  (6)  ; 

Officers  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  such  as  Gen¬ 
eral  Sir  Herbert  B.  Edwardes  (7),  Admiral  Wilkes 
(8),  Admiral  Belknap  (9),  Captain  Younghus- 
band  (10),  Major  Macdonald  (11),  Captain 
Manning  (12); 

Travelers,  such  as  Mrs.  Isabella  Bird  Bishop 


39 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


(13),  Miss  Gordon  Cumming  (14),  William  E. 
Curtis  (15),  and  Hon.  Richard  H.  Dana  ( 1 6)  ; 

Viceroys  of  India ,  such  as  Lord  Northbrook 
(17),  Lord  Lawrence  (18),  and  Lord  Duf- 
ferin  (19) ; 

Lieutenant-Governors  of  various  Indian  Prov¬ 
inces,  such  as  Lord  Napier  and  Ettrick  (20),  Sir 
Augustus  Thompson  (21),  Sir  William  Muir 
(22),  Sir  Bartle  Frere  (23),  Sir  Charles  Elliott 
(24),  Sir  Charles  Aitchison  (25),  Sir  Richard 
Temple  (26),  and  Sir  William  W.  Hunter  (27), 
two  of  the  greatest  of  many  great  Anglo-Indian 
administrators ; 

Ambassadors  and  Ministers  in  the  Diplomatic 
Service ,  such  as  George  P.  Marsh  (28),  General 
Lew  Wallace  (29) ,  E.  F.  Noyes  (30),  S.  G.  W. 
Benjamin  (31),  D.  B.  Sickles  (32),  Lord  Strat¬ 
ford  de  Redcliffe  (33),  Col.  Alfred  E.  Buck  (34), 
Hon.  William  B.  Reed  (35),  Sir  Philip  Currie 
(36),  Col.  Charles  Denby  (37),  John  W.  Foster 
(38),  Sir  Ernest  Satow  (39),  Edward  H.  Con¬ 
ger  (40),  Sir  Mortimer  Durand  (41),  and 
James  B.  Angell  (42)  ; 

Statesmen ,  such  as  Lord  Palmerston  (43),  Hon. 
James  Bryce  (44),  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury  (45), 
Count  Okuma  (46),  and  President  McKin¬ 
ley  (47); 


40 


TO  SCIENCE  AND  SOCIETY 


Philologists,  such  as  Max  Muller  (48),  Robert 
N.  Cust  (49),  and  W.  D.  Whitney  (50)  ; 

Explorers,  such  as  Elisha  Kent  Kane  (51),  and 
Sir  Henry  M.  Stanley  (52)  ; 

Writers,  such  as  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  (53), 
Julian  Hawthorne  (54),  Sir  Edwin  Arnold 
(55),  and  William  T.  Stead  (56)  ; 

And,  finally,  Representatives  of  the  Nations  to 
Whom  Missionaries  are  Sent,  such  as  the  Chinese 
Commissioners  only  lately  in  New  York,  who  said: 
“We  take  pleasure  this  evening  in  bearing  testi¬ 
mony  to  the  part  taken  by  American  mission¬ 
aries  in  promoting  the  progress  of  the  Chinese 
people.  They  have  borne  the  light  of  Western 
civilization  into  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  em¬ 
pire.  They  have  rendered  inestimable  service 
to  China  by  the  laborious  task  of  translating  into 
the  Chinese  language  religious  and  scientific  works 
of  the  West.  They  help  us  to  bring  happiness  and 
comfort  to  the  poor  and  the  suffering  by  the  es¬ 
tablishment  of  hospitals  and  schools.  The  awak¬ 
ening  of  China,  which  now  seems  to  be  at  hand, 
may  be  traced  in  no  small  measure  to  the  hand  of 
the  missionary.  For  this  service  you  will  find 
China  not  ungrateful”  (57). 

Such  is  the  story  of  nearly  a  century  of  mission¬ 
ary  effort.  Is  it  not  a  cheering  report  of  wonderful 
progress?  Karen  and  Telugu,  Shan  and  Indian, 

41 


THE  SERVICE  OF  MISSIONS 


Chinese  and  Burman,  African  and  Terra  del  Fue- 
gian,  all  are  bowing  the  knee  in  loving  adoration 
of  the  Lord  Christ,  and  all  advancing  in  civiliza¬ 
tion,  in  social  progress,  in  the  arts  and  comforts  of 
life,  in  freedom  from  disease,  in  happiness  and  in 
purity  of  living. 

May  the  time  soon  come  when  all  the  nations 
of  the  earth  may  join  with  us  in  the  stately 
chorus,  “Hallelujah!  Hallelujah!  For  the  Lord 
God  Omnipotent  Reigneth!” 


NOTES 

Note  1,  p.  5.  In  his  preface  to  the  History  of  the  En¬ 
glish  People,  which  is  undoubtedly  the  best  English  his¬ 
tory  of  the  century,  John  Richard  Green  says:  “If  some  of 
the  conventional  figures  of  military  and  political  history 
occupy  in  my  pages  less  than  the  space  usually  given  to 
them,  it  is  because  I  have  had  to  find  a  place  for  figures 
little  heeded  in  common  history,  the  figures  of  the  mission¬ 
ary,  the  poet,  the  printer,  the  merchant  and  the  philos¬ 
opher.” 

Note  2,  p.  12.  “In  1822  the  Chief  Justice,  Honorable  E. 
Fitzgerald  stated  that  while  in  ten  years  the  population 
had  increased  from  4,000  to  16,000  the  number  of  criminal 
cases  ***  had  fallen  from  forty  to  six,  and  that  of  the  six 
not  one  was  from  any  of  the  villages  under  a  missionary 
or  a  schoolmaster.”  (Are  Foreign  Missions  Doing  any 
Good?  p.  45.) 


42 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


1.  Darwin:  Life  and  Letters,  ii,  307.  Voyage  of  the 
Beagle,  437  to  458.  Liggins,  the  Great  Value  and 
Success  of  Foreign  Missions,  202. 

2.  Wallace,  A.  R.:  Malay  Archipelago,  210. 

3.  Silliman:  Liggins,  224.  Ely  Volume,  Missions  and 
Science,  122. 

4.  Agassiz:  Liggins,  224.  Ely  Volume,  122. 

5.  Morgan:  “Systems  of  Consanguinity  and  Affinity  of 
the  Human  Race,  Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Knowledge,”  xvii,  pp.  8  and  9. 

6.  Dana:  Ely  Volume,  137.  (From  Dana’s 
“Geology.”) 

7.  Edwardes:  Liggins,  84-87  and  95. 

8.  Wilkes:  Liggins,  198. 

9.  Belknap:  The  Envelope  Series,  Vol.  viii,  No.  1, 
April,  1905,  21.  (American  Board  of  Commis¬ 
sioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  Boston.) 

10.  Younghusband:  The  Missionary  Question  in  China, 
in  the  Heart  of  the  Continent.  (From  the  Chris¬ 
tian  Missionary  Intelligencer ,  August  1896,  635.) 

11.  Macdonald:  Soldiering  and  Surveying  in  British 
East  Africa,  143. 

12.  Manning:  Church  of  Scotland  Home  and  Foreign 
Missionary  Record,  September  1896,  281. 

43 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


13.  Bishop:  Heathen  Claims  and  Christian  Duty. 
(American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions,  Boston,  1900.) 

14.  Cumming:  Wanderings  in  China,  i,  204.  At 
Home  in  Fiji. 

15.  Curtis:  The  Yankees  of  the  East,  ii,  424-5, 
429-30,  435-7. 

16.  Dana:  Ely  Volume,  212,  444.  Liggins,  2,  187. 

17.  Northbrook:  Liggins,  95. 

18.  Sir  Richard  Temple:  Life  of  Lord  Lawrence, 
199. 

19.  Dufferin:  Independent  Testimonies  Concerning 
Christian  Work.  (London  Church  Missionary 
Society.) 

20.  Napier  and  Ettrick:  Liggins,  97.  From  the  Home¬ 
ward  Mail,  November  27,  1871. 

21.  Thompson:  Liggins,  96. 

22.  Muir:  Liggins,  98.  From  the  Mildmay  Missionary 
Conference,  1876. 

23.  Frere:  Liggins,  98. 

24.  Elliott:  Chamberlain,  The  Cobra’s  Den,  238. 

25.  Aitchison:  Liggins,  101. 

26.  Temple:  Oriental  Experiences,  155,  159,  161. 

India  in  1880,  176.  Ely  Volume,  463.  Liggins, 
79,  99,  100. 


44 


I 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

27.  Hunter:  India  of  the  Queen,  xvi,  214,  216-7, 
219.  Liggins,  103-05. 

28.  Marsh:  Liggins,  209-10 

29.  Wallace,  Gen.  Lew:  The  Envelope  Series,  viii, 
No.  1,  April  1905,  8.  Liggins,  210-11. 

30.  Noyes:  Ely  Volume,  379,  424.  Liggins,  228. 

31.  Benjamin:  Liggins,  171.  From  Persia  and  the 
Persians. 

32.  Sickles:  Liggins,  192.  From  the  Foreign  Mission¬ 
ary,  May  1886. 

33.  DeRedcliffe:  Liggins,  207-8.  From  the  Missionary 
Herald,  January  1859. 

34.  Buck:  Edward  Abbott,  New  York  Evening  Post, 
December  19,  1903.  The  Envelope  Series,  Vol. 
viii,  No.  1,  April  1905.  (American  Board  of  Com¬ 
missioners  for  Foreign  Missions.  Boston,  1900.) 

35.  Reed:  The  Envelope  Series,  viii,  No.  1,  April 
1905,  26. 

36.  Currie:  The  Congregationalist,  November  19,  1896, 
in  Dennis,  ii,  54-5. 

37.  Denby:  China  and  Her  People,  i,  212-235.  Lig¬ 
gins,  27.  From  the  Missionary  Review.  Foster’s 
American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient,  412. 

38.  Foster:  American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient,  107-8, 
109-11,  114-15,  386-7,  411-12.  Student  Volunteer 
Convention,  Nashville,  March  1906. 

39.  Satow:  Dennis,  iii,  446. 

40.  Conger:  A  recent  address  sent  to  me  in  a  personal 
communication. 


45 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


41.  Durand:  Address  before  the  Student  Volunteer 
Convention,  Nashville,  March  3,  1906. 

42.  Angell:  Liggins,  61.  Address  at  the  Annual  Meet¬ 
ing  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners, 
October,  1883. 

43.  Palmerston:  Are  Foreign  Missions  Doing  any 
Good?  pp.  17-18. 

44.  Bryce:  Trans-Caucasia  and  Ararat,  new  edition, 
467-8.  Impressions  of  South  Africa,  1897,  pp. 
384,  et  seq. 

45.  Salisbury:  Church  Missionary  Intelligencer,  April, 
1904,  291. 

46.  Okuma:  Sherer’s  Young  Japan,  311. 

47.  President  McKinley:  Dennis’  Centennial  Survey 
of  Christian  Missions,  68. 

48.  Muller:  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop,  iv. 
Lecture  on  Missions,  238.  Vitality  of  Brahman¬ 
ism,  296. 

48.  Cust:  Liggins,  23,  33-4,  209.  From  the  Languages 
of  Africa. 

50.  Whitney:  Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  So¬ 
ciety,  vii,  p.  9;  lvii,  p.  16.  Ely  Volume,  4,  193. 

51.  Kane:  Arctic  Explorations,  ii,  121. 

52.  Stanley:  Atlantic  Monthly,  October,  1897,  475; 
Darkest  Africa,  Vol.  ii;  Independent  Testimonies 
Concerning  Missionary  Work,  pp.  3  and  4.  (Lon¬ 
don  Church  Missionary  Society.)  Pierson,  The 
Crisis  in  Missions,  pp.  125-6. 


46 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


53.  Stevenson:  In  the  South  Seas,  89. 

54.  Hawthorne:  Cosmopolitan,  September  1897,  517. 

55.  Arnold:  Youth’s  Companion,  September  13,  1900, 
443. 

56.  Stead:  Africa,  Its  Partition  and  Its  Future,  by 
Stanley  and  others,  New  York,  1898,  54-5. 

57.  The  Outlook,  February  10,  1906,  291. 

58.  Testimony  by  other  Orientals  to  the  value  of  Chris¬ 
tian  Missions  may  be  found  in  Max  Muller’s  Chips 
from  a  German  Workshop,  iv,  285;  Liggins,  105 
to  110;  Dennis,  ii,  60-62,  410-11. 

59.  Are  Foreign  Missions  Doing  any  Good?  By  the 
author  of  Foreign  Missions  and  Home  calls,  and 
dedicated  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
London.  Elliot  Stock,  1894,  has  many  other 
quotations  from  Orientals,  Indian  administrators 
and  others. 


731-2  Ed.  2  M-408. 


Price  per  dozen,  $1.00 


47 


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